Organizations like the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Center for Democracy & Technology, and Open Markets Institute argue that interoperability — both legal (the right to interconnect) and technical (standardized data and API formats) — is a precondition for genuine user choice. Cory Doctorow's "Adversarial Interoperability" framing and the EFF's interoperability program are foundational references.
Without portable identities, portable memory, and standard formats for AI context, switching costs become lock-in costs. The result is concentration: a handful of incumbents holding user history that newcomers can't access, weakening competition and user autonomy alike.